Green leafy vegetables are superior to other foods in their nutrient density, and unsurprisingly, greater intake of leafy greens is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease.1, 2 Greater consumption of cruciferous vegetables (a family of vegetables known for their anti-cancer effects, which includes many leafy greens such as kale, cabbage and bok choy, is similarly associated with lower risk of death from cardiovascular disease and from all causes.3
Joel Fuhrman writes: In my book, The End of Heart Disease, I cite a study in which 134,796 adults were followed for years (women were followed for a mean of 10.2 years and men for 4.6 years). A linear inverse association was revealed between eating these green vegetables and cardiovascular mortality. This means that the more greens eaten, the fewer heart attacks and stroke deaths, with no leveling off of the trend. All vegetables were linked to increased protection from premature death, but green cruciferous vegetables offered the most protection.3
Joel Fuhrman writes: In my book, The End of Heart Disease, I cite a study in which 134,796 adults were followed for years (women were followed for a mean of 10.2 years and men for 4.6 years). A linear inverse association was revealed between eating these green vegetables and cardiovascular mortality. This means that the more greens eaten, the fewer heart attacks and stroke deaths, with no leveling off of the trend. All vegetables were linked to increased protection from premature death, but green cruciferous vegetables offered the most protection.3
Oxidative stress is known to be a significant contributor to the development of cardiovascular disease. Our antioxidant defenses are a combination of dietary compounds and the body’s own antioxidant enzymes. There is evidence that when we eat cruciferous vegetables, their phytochemicals signal the body to produce its own protective antioxidant enzymes by activating a protein called Nrf2.
Nrf2 is a transcription factor, a protein that can increase or decrease the expression of certain genes. Nrf2 works by binding a specific sequence present in genes called the antioxidant response element (ARE). In the presence of certain phytochemicals, Nrf2 travels to the nucleus of the cell to induce that cell to produce natural antioxidant enzymes and protect against inflammation.4, 5Essentially, Nrf2 is a messenger through which beneficial phytochemicals from the diet activate the body’s natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protection mechanisms.
For example, one study on sulforaphane (a phytochemical found in broccoli) showed that once activated, Nrf2 suppresses the activity of adhesion molecules on the endothelial cell surface to prevent binding of inflammatory cells and therefore retard atherosclerotic plaque development.6 Another study showed that sulforaphane and other isothiocyanates (cruciferous vegetable phytochemicals), by activating Nrf2, blocked inflammatory gene expression and oxidative stress in endothelial cells inhibiting aging of the vascular tree.7Sulforaphane also helps maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, a vascular system that is crucial for proper brain tissue function, via activation of Nrf2.8 The point is that cruciferous vegetables are essential for excellent health and promotion of maximum lifespan.
Other phytochemicals that can activate Nrf2, iunclude anthocyanins (found in berries), EGCG (found in green tea) and resveratrol (found in grapes and peanuts).5, 9, 10 Exercise may also activate Nrf2.11 In contrast, smoking suppresses the protective actions of Nrf2; human endothelial cells exposed to the blood of smokers compared to non-smokers showed decreased Nrf2 expression, reducing antioxidant defenses.12 It is not surprising that smoking and green vegetables have opposite effects!
Research on phytochemicals and the protective effects Nrf2 is still in its early stages, and as we learn more, we can expect exciting advances in the understanding of how phytochemicals work to promote health and extend lifespan.
References:
1. Hung HC, Joshipura KJ, Jiang R, et al: Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of major chronic disease. J Natl Cancer Inst2004;96:1577-1584.
2. Joshipura KJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, et al: The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:1106-1114.
3. Zhang X, Shu XO, Xiang YB, et al: Cruciferous vegetable consumption is associated with a reduced risk of total and cardiovascular disease mortality. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:240-246.
4. Donovan EL, McCord JM, Reuland DJ, et al: Phytochemical activation of Nrf2 protects human coronary artery endothelial cells against an oxidative challenge. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2012;2012:132931.
5. Han SG, Han SS, Toborek M, et al: EGCG protects endothelial cells against PCB 126-induced inflammation through inhibition of AhR and induction of Nrf2-regulated genes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012;261:181-188.
6. Zakkar M, Van der Heiden K, Luong le A, et al: Activation of Nrf2 in endothelial cells protects arteries from exhibiting a proinflammatory state. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009;29:1851-1857.
7. Huang CS, Lin AH, Liu CT, et al: Isothiocyanates protect against oxidized LDL-induced endothelial dysfunction by upregulating Nrf2-dependent antioxidation and suppressing NFkappaB activation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013;57:1918-1930.
8. Zhao J, Moore AN, Redell JB, et al: Enhancing Expression of Nrf2-Driven Genes Protects the Blood Brain Barrier after Brain Injury. J Neurosci 2007;27:10240-10248.
9. Cimino F, Speciale A, Anwar S, et al: Anthocyanins protect human endothelial cells from mild hyperoxia damage through modulation of Nrf2 pathway. Genes Nutr 2013;8:391-399.
10. Ungvari Z, Bagi Z, Feher A, et al: Resveratrol confers endothelial protection via activation of the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010;299:H18-24.
11. Muthusamy VR, Kannan S, Sadhaasivam K, et al: Acute exercise stress activates Nrf2/ARE signaling and promotes antioxidant mechanisms in the myocardium. Free Radic Biol Med 2012;52:366-376.
12. Fratta Pasini A, Albiero A, Stranieri C, et al: Serum oxidative stress-induced repression of Nrf2 and GSH depletion: a mechanism potentially involved in endothelial dysfunction of young smoker
Nrf2 is a transcription factor, a protein that can increase or decrease the expression of certain genes. Nrf2 works by binding a specific sequence present in genes called the antioxidant response element (ARE). In the presence of certain phytochemicals, Nrf2 travels to the nucleus of the cell to induce that cell to produce natural antioxidant enzymes and protect against inflammation.4, 5Essentially, Nrf2 is a messenger through which beneficial phytochemicals from the diet activate the body’s natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protection mechanisms.
For example, one study on sulforaphane (a phytochemical found in broccoli) showed that once activated, Nrf2 suppresses the activity of adhesion molecules on the endothelial cell surface to prevent binding of inflammatory cells and therefore retard atherosclerotic plaque development.6 Another study showed that sulforaphane and other isothiocyanates (cruciferous vegetable phytochemicals), by activating Nrf2, blocked inflammatory gene expression and oxidative stress in endothelial cells inhibiting aging of the vascular tree.7Sulforaphane also helps maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, a vascular system that is crucial for proper brain tissue function, via activation of Nrf2.8 The point is that cruciferous vegetables are essential for excellent health and promotion of maximum lifespan.
Other phytochemicals that can activate Nrf2, iunclude anthocyanins (found in berries), EGCG (found in green tea) and resveratrol (found in grapes and peanuts).5, 9, 10 Exercise may also activate Nrf2.11 In contrast, smoking suppresses the protective actions of Nrf2; human endothelial cells exposed to the blood of smokers compared to non-smokers showed decreased Nrf2 expression, reducing antioxidant defenses.12 It is not surprising that smoking and green vegetables have opposite effects!
Research on phytochemicals and the protective effects Nrf2 is still in its early stages, and as we learn more, we can expect exciting advances in the understanding of how phytochemicals work to promote health and extend lifespan.
References:
1. Hung HC, Joshipura KJ, Jiang R, et al: Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of major chronic disease. J Natl Cancer Inst2004;96:1577-1584.
2. Joshipura KJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, et al: The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:1106-1114.
3. Zhang X, Shu XO, Xiang YB, et al: Cruciferous vegetable consumption is associated with a reduced risk of total and cardiovascular disease mortality. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:240-246.
4. Donovan EL, McCord JM, Reuland DJ, et al: Phytochemical activation of Nrf2 protects human coronary artery endothelial cells against an oxidative challenge. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2012;2012:132931.
5. Han SG, Han SS, Toborek M, et al: EGCG protects endothelial cells against PCB 126-induced inflammation through inhibition of AhR and induction of Nrf2-regulated genes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012;261:181-188.
6. Zakkar M, Van der Heiden K, Luong le A, et al: Activation of Nrf2 in endothelial cells protects arteries from exhibiting a proinflammatory state. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009;29:1851-1857.
7. Huang CS, Lin AH, Liu CT, et al: Isothiocyanates protect against oxidized LDL-induced endothelial dysfunction by upregulating Nrf2-dependent antioxidation and suppressing NFkappaB activation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013;57:1918-1930.
8. Zhao J, Moore AN, Redell JB, et al: Enhancing Expression of Nrf2-Driven Genes Protects the Blood Brain Barrier after Brain Injury. J Neurosci 2007;27:10240-10248.
9. Cimino F, Speciale A, Anwar S, et al: Anthocyanins protect human endothelial cells from mild hyperoxia damage through modulation of Nrf2 pathway. Genes Nutr 2013;8:391-399.
10. Ungvari Z, Bagi Z, Feher A, et al: Resveratrol confers endothelial protection via activation of the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010;299:H18-24.
11. Muthusamy VR, Kannan S, Sadhaasivam K, et al: Acute exercise stress activates Nrf2/ARE signaling and promotes antioxidant mechanisms in the myocardium. Free Radic Biol Med 2012;52:366-376.
12. Fratta Pasini A, Albiero A, Stranieri C, et al: Serum oxidative stress-induced repression of Nrf2 and GSH depletion: a mechanism potentially involved in endothelial dysfunction of young smoker
The End of Heart Disease will show you how to:
http://www.drfuhrman.com/shop/End_of_Heart-Disease.aspx
- Lower and normalize your blood pressure
- Lower your low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol
- Lower your weight, body fat, and waist measurements
- Lower your fasting glucose levels and resolve diabetes (type 2)
- Restore normal bowel function
- Improve your immune function, lowering the risk of infection and cancer
- Maintain your youthful vigor as you age, and age more slowly
http://www.drfuhrman.com/shop/End_of_Heart-Disease.aspx
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